Ultrasound-Guided Second Trimester Fetal Electroencephalography in Two Pregnant Volunteers: A Technical Note

Abstract

Background and purpose—Data from electroencephalography (EEG) in preterm infants and neonates
suggest that electroencephalographic abnormalities are likely present during antepartum period or fetal
stage. We describe our initial effort to record fetal EEG with emphasis on technical aspects since such technique has not been developed as a viable and reproducible method.
Methods—The fetal heads were located in two pregnant volunteers (29 years old and 26 years old) with
28 weeks of gestation by ultrasound imaging. Four surface electrodes were placed on maternal abdominal
surface approximately 5 cm anterior to the lateral aspect of fetal head as confirmed by acoustic shadowing
of the electrodes on ultrasound. A second set of recordings were performed in first volunteer with four electrodes placed on the maternal abdominal surface in front of the uterus distant to fetal head.
Results—The analysis in the first volunteer demonstrated that the activity consisted of mixture of theta
(4–7 Hz) and delta (1–4 Hz) waves which formed approximately 70% and 30% of the background rhythm.
The analysis in the second volunteer demonstrated that the activity consisted of mixture of theta and delta,
which formed approximately 30% and 70% of the background rhythm. There was superimposed beta (13–
30 Hz) and infrequently gamma (30–100 Hz) activity. Maternal electrocardiographic QRS complex and respiratory artifacts were seen in some leads. During second recording, the electrodes distant to fetal head
recorded predominantly delta with lesser proportion of theta waves.
Conclusions—We report our initial experience in acquisition of fetal EEG. The findings reported here
will help to guide further research into developing methodologies for the performance of fetal EEG.