Seizure Prophylaxis in the Immediate Post-Hemorrhagic Period in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract

Introduction—Seizures are a well-known complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH)
and occur most commonly in the immediate posthemorrhagic period. Most commonly used antiepileptic
drugs (AEDs) for seizure prophylaxis in aSAH include phenytoin and levetiracetam. There is no reliable
data available on the safety and efficacy of restricting AED prophylaxis only till the aneurysm is secured.
Methods—We retrospectively chart reviewed patients admitted to our neurosciences intensive care unit
(NICU) with aSAH during the past two years. Seizure incidence was studied in patients treated with phenytoin versus levetiracetam and in patients treated for 3–7 days vs. those where AED was discontinued immediately after aneurysm was secured.
Results—In 28 patients, AED prophylaxis was discontinued immediately after the aneurysm was secured,
and in 21 patients, it was continued for 3–7 days. Of the 28 patients who received AED prophylaxis for less
than or equal to two days, phenytoin was used in 20 patients and levetiracetam was used in eight patients.
In patients receiving AED prophylaxis for 3–7 days, phenytoin was used in eight cases and levetiracetam
was used in 13 cases. None of these patients had seizures reported during hospitalization or at three-month
follow-up.
Conclusion—Stopping the AED prophylaxis immediately after aneurysm coiling is not associated with
increased risk of seizures. Seizures at presentation in patients with aSAH are not associated with development of epilepsy at three months. Both phenytoin and levetiracetam are well tolerated in patients with
aSAH when limited to the immediate posthemorrhagic period.